El Brasil de Lula y Dilma. La izquierda brasileña desde el “complexo dos vira-lata” hasta un país de “clase media” (y regreso)

El artículo es un análisis del rol de la izquierda brasileña, en particular petista, a partir de la redemocratización y las primeras elecciones del 1989 hasta el final del segundo gobierno Dilma Rousseff y el proceso electoral de 2018. La primera parte se enfoca en los años del PT como primer partido opositor y en la consecuente organización de la izquierda brasileña. Sucesivamente se analizarán las dos presidencias de Lula y Dilma, con particular atención a los progresos económicos, sociales y a las transformaciones en la sociedad brasileña y en la base electoral de la izquierda; también se intentará mostrar los errores y la falta de reformas estructurales que llevaran a la crisis y el fin del ciclo petista; en la última parte, se intentará analizar lo que ha acontecido en la izquierda brasileña a partir de la crisis de 2013

Lamento Sertanejo: inclusion of the outsiders, messianic leadership and the new centrality of the northeast in Brazilian politics

In the last decade, after a long period of democratic stability, Brazil lived a process of increased political and social polarization; the country, once considered the new raising start among BRICS, is now going through one of the worst crises of his history, economically, politically and socially. Two new social cleavages appeared in national politics: on one side, Lulismo versus anti-Lulismo, on the other an increased polarization between different macroregions, based on the historical spatial inequality that characterized the Nation even before is independence. Over the course of the chapters, we will explain how two main processes are responsible of this outcome: we will focus first on the inclusion of the outsiders, both economic and cultural, and how the “extension” of citizenship to many people previously marginalized can explain Lula’s consensus, in particular in the northeast. We will also focus on Lula’s personal consensus and the transformation of his personal leadership: we will show how a union leader, member of the only collective mass party in Brazil, was able to be elected first and then embrace the tradition of messianic leaders, typical of Brazilian politics, while at the same time being an example of social mobility and cultivating a process of identification between himself and the poorest voters, in particular living in the northeast. We will show how Lula took the idea of messianic leader to a new extreme thanks to his personal trajectory and his attitude towards “martyrdom”, becoming a “demigod”. We will then analyze the consequences of the inclusion of the outsiders and Lula’s messianic leadership for the overall quality of Brazilian democracy, in an era in which many consider the country as one of the best examples of backsliding democracy

Disuguaglianza territoriale e inclusione degli outsiders in Brasile. La questão Nordeste, dall’origine all’era Lula

In the last fifteen years the Nordeste has become central to Brazilian politics, today characterized by a polarization on a regional basis. The author identifies the origins of this process, showing how is linked to inequality and how Pt’s era represented a turning point for the development of the macro-region and the politicization of the northeast question.En los últimos quince años, el Nordeste se ha convertido en el centro de la política brasileña, hoy caracterizada por una polarización a nivel regional. El autor identifica los orígenes de este proceso, mostrando que está conectado a la desigualdad, y trata de mostrar cómo la era petista representó un punto de inflexión para el desarrollo de la región y la politización de la cuestión Noreste.Negli ultimi quindici anni il Nordeste è diventato centrale per la politica brasiliana, oggi caratterizzata da una polarizzazione su base regionale. L’autore identifica le origini di questo processo, mostrando un suo legame con le disuguaglian e, e come l’era petista abbia rappresentato una svolta per lo sviluppo della macroregione e la politicizzazione della questione Nordeste